一起学netty（14）TCP粘包与拆包

粘包和拆包

产生粘包和拆包问题的主要原因是，操作系统在发送TCP数据的时候，底层会有一个缓冲区，例如1024个字节大小，如果一次请求发送的数据量比较小，没达到缓冲区大小，TCP则会将多个请求合并为同一个请求进行发送，这就形成了粘包问题；如果一次请求发送的数据量比较大，超过了缓冲区大小，TCP就会将其拆分为多次发送，这就是拆包，也就是将一个大的包拆分为多个小包进行发送。

1.上图中演示了粘包和拆包的三种情况：

A和B两个包都刚好满足TCP缓冲区的大小，或者说其等待时间已经达到TCP等待时长，从而还是使用两个独立的包进行发送；
A和B两次请求间隔时间内较短，并且数据包较小，因而合并为同一个包发送给服务端；
B包比较大，因而将其拆分为两个包B_1和B_2进行发送，而这里由于拆分后的B_2比较小，其又与A包合并在一起发送。

2.常见解决方案

对于粘包和拆包问题，常见的解决方案有四种：

客户端在发送数据包的时候，每个包都固定长度，比如1024个字节大小，如果客户端发送的数据长度不足1024个字节，则通过补充空格的方式补全到指定长度；
客户端在每个包的末尾使用固定的分隔符，例如\r\n，如果一个包被拆分了，则等待下一个包发送过来之后找到其中的\r\n，然后对其拆分后的头部部分与前一个包的剩余部分进行合并，这样就得到了一个完整的包；
将消息分为头部和消息体，在头部中保存有当前整个消息的长度，只有在读取到足够长度的消息之后才算是读到了一个完整的消息；
通过自定义协议进行粘包和拆包的处理。

Netty中粘包和拆包案例

服务端代码：

import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.*;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringDecoder;

public class NettyServer3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        EventLoopGroup workGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(8);
        ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
        serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup,workGroup)
                .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
                .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG,1024)
                .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                    @Override
                    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
                        ChannelPipeline pipeline = socketChannel.pipeline();
                        pipeline.addLast(new StringDecoder());
                        pipeline.addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
                            @Override
                            public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
                                System.out.println("服务器端读取消息->："+msg);
                            }
                        });
                    }
                });
        ChannelFuture bind = serverBootstrap.bind(8077).sync();
        bind.channel().closeFuture().sync();
    }
}

客户端代码案例1：

import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.*;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringEncoder;

public class NettyClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
        bootstrap.group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
                .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG,1024)
                .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                .handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                    @Override
                    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
                        ChannelPipeline pipeline = socketChannel.pipeline();
                        pipeline.addLast(new StringEncoder());
                    }
                });

        //服务器ip端口
        ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 8077).sync();
        Channel channel = future.channel();
        System.out.println("发送消息");
        //发送数据包
        channel.write("abc");
        //发送数据包
        channel.write("def");
        channel.flush();
        ChannelFuture channelFuture = channel.closeFuture();
        channelFuture.sync();
    }
}

客户端发送了两个数据包，分别是‘abc’、‘def’，服务端接收数据结果是：‘服务器端读取消息->：abcdef’。可见，客户端两个数据包被合并成了一个数据包发送。

客户端代码案例2

import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.*;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringEncoder;

public class NettyClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
        bootstrap.group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
                .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG,1024)
                .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                .handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                    @Override
                    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
                        ChannelPipeline pipeline = socketChannel.pipeline();
                        pipeline.addLast(new StringEncoder());
                    }
                });

        //服务器ip端口
        ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 8077).sync();
        Channel channel = future.channel();
        System.out.println("发送消息");
        //发送消息
        channel.writeAndFlush(
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm" +
                "qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm");
        ChannelFuture channelFuture = channel.closeFuture();
        channelFuture.sync();
    }
}

上述客户端代码发送了一个很长的数据包，已经超过了缓冲区的大小，最后会拆分成两个数据包发送，结果如下：

服务器端读取消息->：qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiop
服务器端读取消息->：asdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm